• Censor of Morals: 3 turns remaining
  
• Harbor Master and Overseer of the Agora: 2 turns remaining
  
• State Treasurer and Supervisor of Public Buildings: 1 turn remaining

• From 1's stack: 1 card
• From 2's stack: 1 card
• From 3's stack: 2 cards
• From 4's stack: 4 cards
• From 6's stack: 3 cards
• From 8's stack: 2 cards
• From 9's stack: 3 cards

Consequences of Death: When a Senator dies, all his Influence, Popularity and Trader markers are returned to the supply. Any office or Trade Concession he held is placed in the Forum. Unless the Senator is a Faction Leader, the card is also placed in the Forum. A Faction Leader stays with the faction and also retains all his Traders.

If a Statesman dies, the markers are treated as above and the card is removed from play. The underlying Family card is treated as above.

1. Each Faction Leader collects 3 talents, each other Senator in a faction, 1 talent.
   These talents come from the general supply; place them on each Senator's card.
2. State Treasurer, Supervisor of Public Buildings and Harbor Master receive extra income.
   The income provided by these offices is explained on the corresponding cards.
3. Each Committee member may roll 1 die for corruption.
   Each member of the Committee of Five may roll 1 die during the Revenue Phase and collect that number of talents from the supply, the corresponding amount being deducted from the State Treasury. As this is an prosecutable offense, place a "Liable" marker on the Senator as a reminder for the Senate Phase, when such wrongdoing is liable to prosecution.
4. State receives 100T.
   Increase the State Treasury by 100T. This and the next 3 items modify the State Treasury track.
5. Rebel faction pays 2T per rebel army.
   Each rebel army costs the rebel faction. Any armies not maintained return to Senate control.
6. State pays 2T per fleet or army.
   Each active Senate fleet and army costs the State Treasury.
7. State pays 20T per Active War, 25T per Lost War.
   Each active war costs the state 20T per turn, each Lost War 25T per turn.
8. State pays 1T per every 5 trade Trade Fleets/Caravans.
   The State Treasury pays 1T per every 5 Trade Fleets or fraction thereof and 1T per every 5 Caravans or fraction thereof.
9. Govern Provinces.
   
   1. For each Governor, the owning player rolls dice to determine the Province's contribution to the State Treasury. Make a single die roll when the "State Income" line indicates "dr", but roll two dice when "DR" is indicated. After rolling, apply any modifier.
      Example: the State Income line for Undeveloped Libya reads "dr - 5". The "dr" means that the player rolls 1 die. In this case, the die shows "1". Subtracting 5 yields -4. Since the number is negative, the player reduces rather than adds to the amount in the State Treasury, in this case by 4.
   2. After resolving the State Income, the player decides whether the Governor will take Personal Income. To do so, roll per the "Personal Income" line. Play talents from any positive result on the Governor's card; negative results are deducted from the State Treasury instead.
   3. Whenever a Governor takes Personal Income, place a "Liable" marker. on his card, to remain until he is tried or the end of the Prosecutions Step the next time he is in Carthage, whichever comes first.
   4. After resolving Personal Income, if the Province is Undeveloped, check to see whether its status improves. Roll 1 die. Add 1 if the Governor did not take Personal Income on this turn. If the result is 6 or more, the Province card is flipped over and henceforth players use the Developed side; in addition, the Senator adds 3 Influence.
   5. Movement of the Term Marker: When a Governor takes office the Term marker is placed on the Province box labeled "TERM". After each Revenue Phase as Governor, the marker is moved a space to the right. When the marker is would move past the last space, instead the Province card is placed in the Forum.
10. Re-distribute funds.
    Players may redistribute talents among Senators in Carthage freely. Funds with Senators currently serving as Governors or away prosecuting a war or exploration cannot be changed, however. Players may also give talents in Carthage away to other players. This money goes into the receiving player's Faction Treasury, also considered to be in Carthage and thus also eligible for redistribution. All talents on Senator cards are held face up; only talents in the Faction Treasury, which belong to the Faction as a whole, are kept visible, but face down.
11. Make Contributions.
    Senators may contribute talents to the State Treasury by removing these talents from their cards and adding them to the State Treasury amount. When the amount is large enough, a Senator who contributes in this way earns Influence according to the Contributions table on the board.
12. Check for Bankruptcy.
    If the State Treasury is unable to make all of its payments, the game ends immediately. See Victory Conditions.

• Handling Trade Stack Changes.
  This section describes not a step performed in the Trade Phase, but is located here so as to be with the other rules pertaining to Trade cards.
  Counting cards. Various events and cards specify halving and doubling the number of Trade cards. When this is required, first determine how many cards of the specified stack are in play. This can be directly calculated by consulting Components and subtracting from the number of cards currently not in play.
  Halving cards. When dividing by two, the number kept available should be rounded up unless otherwise stated. If there are insufficient cards in the stack to put aside the number required, remove additional cards as they are returned to the stacks. (Players may wish to place a crosswise card or marker on the stack as a reminder.)
  Doubling cards. When adding to or doubling cards in a stack, if there are insufficient cards not in play to fully add or double, simply add all the remaining cards.
  Cards lost to Wars. When War cards specify that cards are removed when the war becomes active, these cards are returned to the stack when the war is over. If the war is lost, it may result in the card going away again, as specified on the War card.

1. Advance Committee Member terms.
   Each member of the Committee of Five advances the Term marker for their office one space. When the Term marker moves off the end of the track, the office is placed in the Forum.
2. Elect two Suffetes.
   The PM nominates two candidates for Suffete, as a single proposal. Eligible candidates are faction members present in Carthage and not holding any other office (i.e. Suffete, General, Expedition Commander, Committee Member, Governor). Should the PM's first proposal fail, proposals continue until a pair of Suffetes are elected. Each of the elected Suffetes gain 5 Influence.
3. Suffetes assign Home and Marine Suffete.
   The Suffetes together decide which will be Home Suffete and which Marine Suffete. If they cannot agree, resolve randomly, e.g. using dice. Indicate which is which using the Suffete cards. The Home Suffete presides over the Senate. The Marine Suffete must be sent to war before the Home Suffete may be.
4. Fill vacant Committee Memberships.
   Any vacant Committee of Five offices must be filled. The PM proposes candidates from among faction members currently in Carthage not holding other office. Committee Membership is for 3 turns (except at the start of play – see Prepare to Play). Each election to the Committee gains 3 Influence for the office holder. Committee Members may accept a new membership in the same turn in which they have previously left office, but Members cannot be compelled to do so, unless there is no other candidate.
5. Conduct Prosecutions.
   For this phase the Censor of Public Morals becomes the PM. He may perform one major or two minor prosecutions of a Senator in Carthage each turn.
   Minor prosecutions:
   • Eligibility: Most recently out-of-office Suffete, General or Expedition commander, Governor or Committee Member who took personal income
   • Consequences of successful prosecution: Lose 5 Popularity and 5 Influence; Committee Members lose their posts.
   Major prosecutions:
   • Eligibility: Most recently out-of-office Suffete, General or Expedition commander
   • Consequences of successful prosecution: Death
   Procedure:
   1. The Censor names the target of the prosecution, the Accused, and a Senator whose owner consents to be the Prosecutor.
   2. The Censor then calls the vote. The Accused adds his Influence to his faction's vote total. When it is time for the target to vote, his owner may also roll 2 dice against the Popular Appeal Table. He or anyone else may also play a Public Outcry card to cancel the prosecution; it still counts as one of the prosecutions the Censor can perform in he current turn.
   3. In case of a Major Prosecution, a Statesman (but not a Senator) may go into Exile at this time. Exile means that he receives no income, may not vote, talents on his card are frozen and he loses all Influence and Popularity gains. He has no interaction with the game except for Mortality Chit draws. He may be recalled only as a result of a successful Senate proposal to do so.
   4. If the majority of votes are for the Accused, or he is freed via the Popular Appeal Table, he returns the "Liable" marker to the supply and is immune from further such prosecution for this turn.
   5. If the majority of votes are against the Accused, or he is killed via the Popular Appeal Table, the Prosecutor gains half the Influence lost by the Accused.
   6. After this phase control returns to the previous PM.
6. Fill vacant Governorships.
   Each Province in the Forum must be assigned to a Senator in Carthage, without other office, who becomes the Provincial Governor. As each such proposal passes, the card is placed with the Governor, who is considered to have left Carthage. His votes are no longer available while in the Province. The proposals in this step involve assigning Provinces only.
   Repopulating Carthage: If the number of player-owned Senators in Carthage ever falls below 8, give the top dead Family card in the Forum to the player with the fewest Senators. Any tie is resolved in favor of the player with the least total Influence, or if still tied, randomly. Continue doing so until the number is 8, or the Forum is exhausted, whichever comes first, but also using any live Senators (receiving player's choice) in the Forum once the dead are exhausted.
7. Conduct other business:
   Following the election of Governors, the PM may make other proposals, including the assignment of any unowned Trade Concessions currently in the Forum.
   • Recruit/Disband Forces.
     Carthage recruits by putting onto the board any armies, fleets, Trade Fleets or Caravans current in the Force Pool. The cost to the State Treasury for each type is given by the Recruiting Table. Carthage disbands by moving any of the above back to the Force Pool. (This has no immediate effect on the State Treasury, but does save maintenance costs.) Armies which desert lose their Veteran status and commander loyalty.
   • Prosecute Wars.
     Sample War
     
     Explanation of attributes:
     1st Roman War, 264-241 BC: Name and historical dates
     13/5/10@: Land strength, required fleet support, naval strength (13, 5 and 10, resp.)
     D11 S14: Disaster and Standoff numbers (11 and 14, resp.)
     Removes 1 Trade Goods card from stacks 1, 4 and 5. All Campanians desert.: Special effects when War appears.
     War, Active: type of conflict (War or Revolt) and initial status (Active or Inactive)
     Loss: effects of Suing for Peace
     Victory: effects of defeating the War (35T goes to the State treasury)
     DECK 2: deck to which the card belongs (2 or Late)
     
     Elements of the proposal. A proposal to prosecute a war must name a commander, a list of the exact forces and the war to which they are to be sent.
     Eligible commanders. At the beginning of play the only eligible officers are the two Suffetes.
     Naval Wars. Some wars, e.g. the "1st Roman War" of the example above, have a naval war component. Fighting this type of war, Carthage must first defeat the naval component alone using only fleets and commanders. This is fully resolved as a war including a three-die roll and all the consequences of Victory, Defeat, Stalemate, Standoff or Disaster. But if armies are sent along with the fleets, the land portion of the war can be pursued immediately following resolution of the fleet battle, so long as the following conditions are met:
     • Armies were sent along with the fleets
     • Naval result was Victory
     • Force still has enough fleets to meet the war's fleet support requirement (the second number)
     If not all of these conditions are met, but Victory was achieved, place a "Fleet Victory" on the war and return the force to Carthage.
     Sikels and Gallic Swordsmen. Note that use of the Sikels and Gallic Swordsmen is limited to particular wars. (See the Recruiting Table on the board.)
     PM departure. Should the PM leave Carthage, the Senate phase ends automatically.
     Multiple forces. The Senate may send more than one force to the same War on the same turn. Each has its own commander(s) and each attacks the War separately. Which force arrives first is determined randomly. A force that arrives subsequent to the first one ignores the Standoff/Disaster rule.
     Crisis. Crisis conditions are in effect if at the start of the Senate Phase, Carthage faces three or more active wars or at least one war with strength 20 or more. In a Crisis, the Senate may appoint two commanders to jointly prosecute the same war. Both commanders' military ratings are added together when determining the Combat Table result. Prior to the Separation of Powers Law, at least one of the commanders must be a Suffete. The other commander may be any Senator currently in Carthage, who is thus elected to the position of General, for which he gains 3 Influence.
   • Send Expedition.
     The Senate may fund and authorize expeditions for exploration. Exploration opportunities are in the form of cards which appear from the Deck.
     Sample Exploration
     
     Explanation of attributes:
     Trans-Sahara, 450 BC: Name and historical date
     50/0: Caravan strength and Trade Fleet strength (50 and 0)
     D13: Disaster number (13)
     Exploration: type of card
     Success: effects of a Success result
     DECK 1: deck to which the card belongs (1 or Early)
     
     Each Exploration requires a commander – a Senator in Carthage not holding any office, who receives 3 Influence on the Senator.
     Each Exploration also requires a number of either Caravans or Trade Fleets. Caravans and Trade Fleets cost 1T each and are subject to cost increase due to Manpower Shortages or No Recruitment.
     When a Senator is deployed to an Exploration, place the Exploration card with the Senator and indicate the number of Caravans/Fleets using Influence/Popularity/Trader markers.
     Although the Senate may choose to send multiple expeditions to pursue the same opportunity for Exploration, expeditions may never be reinforced or recalled. When an exploration is successfully completed any other expeditions currently pursuing the same destination which are not Lost are automatically returned to Carthage at the end of the Exploration and Combat Phase.
   • Augmentation.
     The Senate may send more armies and/or fleets to an existing war so long as they already have a commander.
   • Sue for peace.
     The Senate may deliberately lose a particular Active War. This removes the War and it does not count as one of four Active Wars that would cause the fall of Carthage. Instead the War is considered permanently Lost and costs the State Treasury 25T each turn. If at the end of any game turn there are four or more Lost Wars, Carthage falls and the game ends in a loss for all players.
     Enemy Leaders associated with Lost Wars for which there are no currently matching Wars in the Forum become Inactive.
   • Raise or lower Tax Rate.
     The Senate may change the Tax Rate once per turn. The rate percentage must be a non-negative multiple of 10 less than 100 and may only be increased or decreased by 10% each turn.
     Example: The current tax rate is 40%; the Senate could vote to increase it to 50% or to decrease it to 30%.
     Each proposal to increase the tax rate must name a sponsor and co-sponsor as specified by the proposer. A proposal which succeeds in raising the tax rate gains 3 Popularity for the sponsor and 1 Popularity for the co-sponsor. Each senator voting against a tax rate increase proposal loses 1 Popularity. Each senator voting for a tax rate decrease also loses 1 Popularity. No Senator in Carthage may abstain from a tax rate proposal. If the sponsors of a tax rate increase come from the same faction, both take "Liable" markers and can be subjects of a major prosecution on the succeeding Prosecution Phase (in addition to normal prosecutions).
   • Recall Commanders.
     Any commander still prosecuting a war or exploration from a previous turn may, unless Lost, be recalled. If the proposal that accomplishes it does not specify a replacement commander, the associated forces are placed in the Active Forces box.
     A recalled Commander consults the Public Reaction Table and applies its results.
   • Recall Governors.
     A Governor may be recalled from a Province by electing a new Governor as a replacement, but this may not occur in the same turn that the Governor was elected.
   • Recall a Statesman from Exile.
     A recalled Statesman returns to the Forum unless his Family card is held by a faction in which case he joins that faction, placing his card on the Family card if it does not already hold a Statesman.
   • Assign Trade Concessions.
     The Senate may assign any Trade Concessions in the Forum to individual Senators present in Carthage. There is no limit to the number of concessions a Senator may hold. Each concession may be proposed at most once per turn.
   • Elect Suffete for Life.
     A Senator in Carthge, who may already hold an office, having at least 21 Influence may be proposed Suffete for Life. For this vote only, the Senator has extra votes equal to his Influence. Should this proposal succeed and both the Senator and Carthage survive the turn the owning player wins the game. This type of proposal may only be made once per turn and may not be cancelled by Public Outcry.
8. Public Outcry.
   Anyone with a Senator in Carthage may play a Public Outcry card to veto the current proposal or reserve the floor to make his own proposal.
   Veto. The veto ability cannot be used on prosecutions for assassination or the last eligible candidate for any office. A veto cancels the vote on the current proposal and the proposal cannot be made again on the current turn.
   Reserving the floor. Reserving the floor means that the player of the card temporarily becomes the PM and has the right to make the next proposal once the current one completes. However, the regular PM still decides the order of the vote. When there are multiple plays to reserve the floor, they are processed in the order received. The PM may not adjourn the Senate until all reservations are complete, but should the PM leave Carthage to prosecute a war, the proposals are lost.
9. Assassinations.
   A Senator may attempt to murder another Senator in Carthage at any time during the Senate phase with the following restrictions:
   • no faction may be the target of more than one attempt per turn
   • no faction may attempt more than one per turn
   To resolve an attempt roll 1 die and consult this table:

   	Roll   Result
   	5+ 	Target Killed
   	3-4 	No effect
   	2- 	Assassin Caught

   Caught assassins. A caught assassin is immediately killed. His Faction Leader loses 5 Influence and is the subject of an immediate Major Prosecution at which he must roll against the Popular Appeal Table, subtracting the Popularity of the intended victim from the roll. The Censor of Public Morals decides the voting order. If the Faction Leader is found guilty, draw as many Mortality chits as the victim's Popularity against the faction's Senators in Carthage.
   
10. Adjourn Senate.
    The PM may adjourn the Senate at any time after the Other Business portion has begun and there is no active proposal. This ends the Senate phase.

1. Resolve active explorations.
   Any prosecuted Exploration is resolved. The commander player rolls three dice, adding his Exploration Rating and subtracting 1 for each 5 Trade Fleets or Caravans or fraction thereof that his expedition is short of the numbers printed on the Exploration card. He checks the total against the Exploration Table and applies the results immediately.
   Disaster. If the unmodified roll matches the Disaster number printed on the Exploration card, ignore the table result and instead roll two dice and lose this number of Trade Fleets/Caravans. In addition, the commander draws a Mortality Chit for every 5 Trade Fleets/Caravans or fraction thereof which are lost. Should the commander die, the remaining Trade Fleets/Caravans are immediately returned to Carthage for later re-use. (Use the State Treasury tracks to indicate the number of Trade Fleets or Caravans currently allocated to an expedition.)
   Losses. Whenever the Exploration Table calls for losses of Trade Fleets or Caravans, the commander draws a Mortality chit for every 5 Trade Fleets/Caravans or fraction thereof which are lost. Any chit matching the commander results in his death. In this event, the remaining Trade Fleets/Caravans are immediately returned to Carthage for later re-use.
   Success. A result of Success returns the commander and all participating Trade Fleets/Caravans immediately to Carthage. Represent the Trade Fleets or Caravans by placing the corresponding markers on the State Treasury track.
   The expedition commander receives additional Influence and Popularity equal to the difficulty of the exploration as expressed in Trade Fleets/Caravans on the Exploration card, divided by ten. The Exploration card indicates which areas are now opened for trade. The Trade cards listed on the Trade cards Chart for those areas are placed immediately.
   Lost. Expeditions which become lost must roll for losses as indicated on the Exploration Table and roll three dice on the Exploration Table again on the next turn.
   Raiders. The Expedition makes a loss roll as indicated on the Exploration Table. It may then continue the expedition or return immediately to Carthage at the discretion of the expedition's commander.
   Beaten by another expedition. If an unsuccessful expedition saw their exploration successfully completed by another expedition, return the expedition to Carthage, unless it is Lost (see above).
2. Resolve active wars and revolts.
   Any prosecuted war is resolved. The commander player rolls three dice, adding his Military Rating to the strength of the force and subtracting the war's strength. The following modifiers apply:
   • A war's strength is doubled if a matching war is active, tripled if two matching wars are active.
   • Each army or fleet is worth 1.
   • A Veteran army is worth 2.
   Determining the Result:
   • Standoff/Disaster. If the unmodified roll matches the Standoff or Disaster numbers on the War card, ignore the table result and apply the corresponding case below. Otherwise check the total against the Combat Table and apply the instructions for the corresponding case below.
   • Losing Armies. When losing armies, draw randomly to determine which are lost.
   • Creating Veterans. When a result creates a Veteran army, draw a participating army at random and replace it with its Veteran version. In addition the Veteran army is assigned to a participating commander, signified by placing the recruit version of the army on his card. The allegiance of the veteran army in the case of two commanders of a single force is to the Senator having the higher Popularity. Resolve ties randomly.
   • Commander Death/Capture. When armies and/or fleets are lost, a Mortality chit is drawn for each loss. Any chit that matches a commander results in his death. The last chit drawn is an exception: it results in the commander's capture instead. This Senator is out of Carthage and unavailable for all other purposes until he and/or his faction pays a ransom in the amount that is the larger of the following:
     • 10 Talents
     • The captive's Influence multiplied by two
     If the War is defeated before the ransom is paid, the captive dies.
   Resolve the various possible results as follows:
   Standoff:
   1. Remove 25% (rounded up) of total forces.
   2. Draw Mortality chits equal to forces lost, applicable only to the commander(s).
   3. If a land battle, create a Veteran army and assign to a commander.
   4. Leave remaining forces on war.
   5. Assign the commander the office of General, but do not add 3 Influence.
   Disaster:
   1. Remove 50% (rounded up) of total forces.
   2. Draw Mortality chits equal to forces lost, applicable only to the commander(s).
   3. Leave remaining forces on war.
   4. Assign the commander the office of General, but do not add 3 Influence.
   Victory:
   1. Remove any lost forces.
   2. Draw Mortality chits equal to forces lost, applicable only to the commander(s).
   3. Unless the battle was a fleet action and there are armies continuing to the land war, return Fleets to Carthage
   4. Commander(s) gain Influence and Popularity equal to half strength of the war. When there are multiple commanders, the Popularity and Influence is split evenly between them (fractions rounded up).
   5. Transfer the armies to the Commander's card. In the case of multiple commanders, transfer to the one having the highest Popularity. Resolve ties randomly.
   6. If a land battle, create a Veteran army and assign to a commander.
   7. If a higher-numbered war of the same type has already been defeated, consider this a Revolt. Otherwise increase the State Treasury as indicated on the war card.
   8. Apply any other effects of Victory listed on the War card.
   9. Place in the Forum any Provinces the war creates.
   10. Remove the war card from play.
   Stalemate:
   1. Remove lost forces.
   2. Draw Mortality chits equal to forces lost, applicable only to the commander(s).
   3. If a land battle, create a Veteran army and assign to a commander.
   4. Leave remaining forces on the war.
   5. Assign the commander the office of General, but do not add 3 Influence.
   Defeat:
   1. Remove lost forces.
   2. The Commander(s) assigned to the war die.
   3. Leave remaining forces on war.
3. Adjust unprosecuted wars.
   If the Senate failed to send a force to an Active war, its card is moved to the Unprosecuted Wars area, where it remains until prosecuted, in which case it moves to the Active Wars area or the Senate decides to sue for peace.

1. Non-Victorious Generals check the Public Reaction Table.
   Commanders who participated in a War this turn and were not victorious consult the Public Reaction Table and apply its results.
2. Play Intrigue Cards.
   This step is conducted simultaneously by all the players. Statesmen cards may be played at this time. Any player holding more than five Intrigue cards must, during this step, play, trade or discard such cards until he has no more than five in hand.
3. Victorious Commanders return forces or revolt.
   In order from the HRAO and continuing clockwise, each returning victorious commander ("victorious" means that the war is completely defeated, not just a fleet portion) may rebel (enter a state of revolt) against Carthage. Indicate this by placing his armies on his card; otherwise they are returned to the board. Fleets play no part in a revolt.
   Multiple rebels. Only one faction can be in revolt at a time. If any force is already in revolt, any force (including commander ratings) wishing to take precedence must be stronger. Once players have determined a rebel in this step, no other faction may rebel until this rebel is defeated in combat.
   Joint commands. In the case of a joint command, when one commander is a Suffete and the other a General, the General may not initiate a revolt separately, but may join that of the Suffete. If both commanders hold the same office, the allegiance of the armies is decided via bribery. Each participating army is drawn at random and each contesting player secretly holds in hand the bribe amount in talents. The higher bribing player pays the talents to the bank and claims the army while the other keeps his talents. Resolve ties randomly. After all the initial allegiances are resolved each commander has the option to revolt.
   Army Allegiance. If considering revolt, a commander checks how much of his current force will join him. To do so he points to one army after another, rolling a die against the following table:

   Era           Loyal  Rebels
   Early Republic 	1-4 	5-6
   Late Republic 	1-3 	4-6
   

   Before a roll the commander(s) may spend 1T from personal treasury to add one to the roll.
   Any army for which the result is "Loyal" returns to the board. The rest remain on the commander's card.
   Veteran armies, whether in the current force or not, assigned to this commander join him automatically without the need for this roll. Veteran armies assigned to other commanders join at the discretion of their owners. An unassigned veteran army is checked as above.
   Rebel accomplices. Others in the rebel's factions must in this phase declare whether or not they are also in revolt. Those who do rebel are no longer in Carthage, no longer collect income, may share their treasuries with the rebel and share the rebel's ultimate fate. Veteran armies assigned to these rebels may join the rebel army.
   Maintenance. The rebel rather than the State treasury pays (during the Revenue Phase) for the maintenance of the rebel army. Veterans assigned to rebels do not require maintenance payments. Armies not maintained return to the Senate's control.
   The rebel war. The rebel commander(s) and army are treated as another war for the Senate to defeat. The rebel's strength is the army strength plus the commander military rating(s). If the Senate does not send an army to fight it, the game ends and the rebel player wins, if Carthage survives the turn. In addition, the rebellion counts as one of the four wars required to end the Republic; the Senate may not Sue for Peace on this war.
   Fighting the rebel. Unless the combat result is "All", the combat result applies equally to both armies. Only one set of Mortality chits is drawn, but they can affect all participating commanders. Details of the possible results:
   • Victory:
     The revolt fails and the rebels die. The victorious commanders gain popularity and influence equal to half the strength of the rebel force.
     
   • Stalemate:
     The rebellion is contested again on the next turn.
     
   • Defeat:
     The revolt succeeds. The rebel forces suffers no losses and return to the board. If Carthage survives the turn, the game ends and the rebel player wins,

• Assign Players
  Use the Solitaire Player Aide cards to facilitate play.
  
  1. The Neutral faction having the highest combined Military rating are the Imperials.
  2. Next, those with the most total influence are the Plutocrats. The Plutocrat with the most Influence is the starting Home Suffete.
  3. Those with the least Influence are the Conservatives. Deal them two extra Senators.
  4. If there is no second player, the remaining faction are the Populists. Deal them one extra Senator.
• Choose Faction Leaders
  Each Neutral faction has their own way of choosing a Faction Leader, as indicated on their cards. Should another Senator later fit the criteria better, the Neutral changes to this Faction Leader in the appropriate phase.
  Every Neutral put their initial Trader on the Faction Leader.
• Initial Hand Cards
  Neutral hand cards are kept face up at all times. Any Neutral with a playable Statesman plays him immediately. They assign Trade Concessions to the Senator having the fewest Concessions, breaking ties in favor of most Influence.
• Initial Committee Members
  A Neutral assigns Committee Memberships to the Senator having the most Influence who does not already have another Office.
• Initial Governors
  In a change from the standard rules, the lowest ID Senator not in office is appointed to Undeveloped Coastal Spain and the second lowest ID Senator not in office is appointed to Undeveloped Sardinia-Corsica.
• Tracking Game Turns
  Place the turn marker on the "1" space of the Treasury track. This marker tracks turns by advancing it one at the end of each Revolution phase.

• Dominant Player
  When these rules do not specify what the Neutral does, the human Dominant Player decides. In two-player games, this is the one in the Ruling Coalition or if both or neither are, the one with the best Faction Dominance.
• Revenue Phase
  Each Neutral pools together all his income from all sources and redistributes it according to its Revenue guidelines.
  • Spending
    For each Neutral, the Senator in Carthage who has the money funds is the one who actually spends Talents, except for Persuasion attempts.
  • Committee Members and Governors
    When serving as a Committee Member or Governor, Neutrals take extra income based on their individual Committee and Governorship guidelines, respectively.
    Example: The Imperials guideline states "personal income on dr ≥ 4". This means that a die is rolled and if the total is 4 or higher, the Senator takes personal income.
  • Contributions
    Neutrals follow their Contributions guidelines, either matching whatever contributions the players make (or or if unable to match, nothing) or if the guideline is "none", do not contribute.
• Trade Phase
  The human and Neutral players acquire Trade cards as normal. Then, instead of the usual five minute trading session, starting with the Overseer player, each player in clockwise order once names the type of a Trade card in hand. All others must hand over any matching cards. Neutrals always name the most valuable group they hold where the cards came from a stack from which at least one other player received a card on the current turn.
  Example: The Plutocrats hold 1 Dye, 2 Cloth and 2 Salt cards. The Dye is worth 8, the Cloth 20 and the Salts 12. No other player got a card from the 5 stack so the Plutocrats do not name Cloth. The single Dye card is worth less than the Salt, which the Plutocrats thus name. All other players give the Plutocrats all of their Salt cards.
  Neutrals turn in Trade cards only under the following conditions:
  1. They hold a complete group, i.e. all the cards of a particular type that are currently in play. Neutral always sell all such groups.
  2. They have more cards than, considering their current number of Warehouses, they will be able to retain after the end of the Trade Phase. In this case, they sell their most valuable group. If they still hold too many cards, they continue to sell the next most valuable until they are no longer holding too many cards.
  Neutrals redistribute Trade phase income as in the Revenue phase.
  Neutrals pay taxes either from a single Senator or from the Faction Treasury, whichever one has the most funds.
• Forum Phase
  
  • Persuasion Attempts
    Neutrals attempt to persuade the available Senator having the least defense, taking into account loyalty and talents both on the Senator and in the Faction Treasury. If taking the target player's possible defense spending account a base number of 7 or more is guaranteed, they will raise the base number to 9 if possible. For the persuasion they use their Senator having the highest combination of oratory, influence and talents who can achieve the result spending the least.
  • Persuasion Defense
    Neutrals only defend their own Senators, always spending to reduce the base number to 4, but only if, considering the talents held by the persuading Senator, the final base number can be reduced to that amount.
  • Attracting Traders
    If able to afford it, the acting Neutral Senator always spends enough to attract a Trader, also taking into account Evil Omens. Otherwise he spends nothing in this step.
  • Initiative Bids
    A amount of the Neutral HRAO player's opening bid for the sixth initiative is computed as follows: turn number + die roll + his Initiative modifier If this exceeds the Senator's treasury, he bids all he has, but not more than the maximum amount in any Senator's treasury.
    Subsequently bidding neutrals able to top the bid do so as follows: if last bid < turn number + 4 OR die roll ≥ 4 +1 to last bid else no bid
• Senate Phase
  This phase has five required steps:
  1. Determine the Ruling Coalition.
     Add up the votes for each faction as usual and determine the number needed for a simple majority, i.e. at least 50%. Then use the Faction Dominance markers to record on the Neutral player aide cards where each faction ranks in the vote count, the faction with the most votes ranking first, the second most second, etc. In case of ties, a faction having more overall money ranks higher. This ranking remains static for the rest of the Senate phase even if Senators should depart Carthage.
     Go down the Coalition List to find the first combination of factions that can muster a majority of the votes. Neutrals always join the first possible coalition, but players may refuse to join if they wish.
     Coalition List:
     1. 1^st Faction by itself
     2. 2^nd & 5^th Factions
     3. 2^nd & 4^th Factions
     4. 2^nd & 3^rd Factions
     5. 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th Factions*
     6. 1^st & 5^th Factions
     7. 1^st & 4^th Factions
     8. 1^st & 3^rd Factions
     9. 1^st & 2^nd Factions
     10. All Neutrals
     11. Largest Player Faction & Faction(s) of his choice
     * If Player declines to participate, Coalition adds 2nd Faction instead.
  2. Determine the Military Plan.
     Carthage faces a Crisis if any of the following apply:
     • 3 or more Active Wars
     • A single War has strength ≥ 15
     • Senator in rebellion
     In this case, determine the Military Plan using the Crisis list (below); in this event only up to two Generals (one per war) are available. Otherwise, employ the Normal List.
     If there are no Neutrals in the coalition, the player(s) devise their own Military Plans. Otherwise, the Senate uses the first feasible plan, taking into account the maximum number of forces available (including building and the talents required to do so). If there is a choice of Wars, it chooses the largest or most dangerous.
     "Adequate Force" means that the number of legions (or fleets in a naval battle) is equal to the strength of the War, not including commander ratings.
     "Dangerous" means that the War has matching cards that have not yet been drawn. The war that would have the most strength when all its matching cards are revealed is considered the most dangerous.
     Carthage always uses the minimum number of fleets in support.
     In case there are still excess legions (or fleets in a naval battle) not committed to other wars, half of them are added to the force so long as the combat modifier does not exceed +15.
     When attacking multiple wars, the Dominant player decides which of the available commanders fights where.
     Neutral Veterans owing allegiance only accompany a force having a commander from its Senator's faction.
     Allocation of unallied Veterans is up to the Dominant player.
     Military Plan Lists
     Normal List:
     1. Attack 2 Active Wars with Adequate Force
     2. Attack a Dangerous War with Adequate Force
     3. Attack an Active War with Adequate Force
     4. Attack an Inactive War with Adequate Force
     Crisis List:
     1. If there are 4 or more Active Wars, sue for peace with the most dangerous War(s) until there are only 3 Active Wars (up to a total of 3 extant Lost Wars) and attack as few Active Wars as necessary, but at least one, with all possible Strength to reduce total to three Active Wars.
     2. Attack the Rebel with all possible Strength
     3. Attack 3 Active Wars with Adequate Force
     4. Attack 2 Active Wars with Adequate Force
     5. Attack the weakest Active War with all possible Strength (up to a maximum die roll modifier of +15)
  3. Determine the Exploration Plan.
     If there are no Neutrals in the coalition, the player(s) devise their own Exploration Plans. Otherwise, they adopt the first feasible option in the Exploration Plan List. In the event there are insufficient funds in the State Treasury after completing the Military Plan, no Exploration Plan is formed.
     "Adequate level" means that the number of Caravans or Trade Fleets is equal to the strength of the Exploration.
     Exploration Plan List
     1. Fund Expedition to Exploration having highest strength that no other Expedition is currently pursuing, at an Adequate Level.
  4. Assign Generals.
     In case of Crisis only, a General is appointed for each war the Senate intends to fight. The Senator(s) chosen to be General(s) are those having the highest Military ratings and need not be in the ruling coalition. If there is a tie, a statesman immune to Disaster or Standoff with respect to one of the wars to be fought takes precedence and he is sent to prosecute that particular war.
  5. Claim Spoils.
     Players take turns taking for themselves the currently available offices, wars, explorations and trade concessions. Each player in the Ruling Coalition takes one item at a time, starting with the player having the most faction dominance, continuing down the line and then resuming with the most faction dominance again.
     Neutrals always choose the earliest available item on their Spoils list for which they have an eligible Senator. If the Neutral have no eligible Senator, they proceed to the next item on the list. If there are no items the Neutral may claim it passes for the round.
     Suffetes in Crisis. In a Crisis, only the remaining Senators with the highest Military ratings of each Faction are eligible for Suffete. Those with the least Influence win ties among the best Military Senators of that Faction.
     Public Outcry. A Neutral uses a Public Outcry when the most in demand item on their Spoils list is taken by the faction choosing immediately prior to their turn. This cancels the choice and permits the Neutral to take it instead (unless it too is cancelled by another player).
     Graft. A Neutral plays Graft against any Faction using a Public Outcry to cancel Spoils it would otherwise receive.
     Mob Incited to Violence. A Neutral plays Mob Incited to Violence against any Faction using a Graft against it.
     Committee Memberships. Neutrals assign Committee memberships to their Senator having the most influence.
     Trade Concessions. Neutrals assign Trade Concessions to their Senator in Carthage having the fewest. Ties are resolved by giving it to the one with the most Influence.
     Provinces. When there is more than one province available, Neutrals choose the one with the highest Personal Income and assign it to the Senator having the fewest votes.
     Least Influence. Otherwise when a Neutral has several eligible Senators, it chooses the one with the least Influence.
     Absence of Coalition Candidates. When the Ruling Coalition has no eligible candidates for an office, it gives the office to the outside Senator with the least Influence.
     End of Spoils. Once all vacant offices have been assigned, this step ends as soon as any player passes on taking an item (unless a Public Outcry is played) or when all items have been claimed. Any unclaimed items are left until the next turn.
  Additional Senate Phase rules:
  • Builds
    Given adequate finances, the Senate builds up to the number of Forces necessary to implement the Military Plan. If unable to build sufficient Forces to implement a clearly defined Military Plan, builds are the prerogative of the Dominant Player.
    If no War is in play, the Senate builds or disbands so as to achieve 10 armies and 5 fleets. However, if Manpower Shortage in effect, it builds only in case of Crisis.
    The Senate disbands any unused Caravans or Trade Fleets unless there is a currently visible Exploration for which they might be used.
  • Suffete for Life
    When a faction is alone in the Ruling Coalition and has a Senator with at least 21 Influence, its Senator having the most Influence becomes Suffete for Life automatically, unless Assassinated. Whenever this situation occurs, the Consul for Life candidate must survive an automatic Assassination Attempt (see Assassinations, immediately below).
  • Tax Rate
    There is at most one Tax Rate adjustment per turn. Each Neutral prefers a particular tax level, as indicated on their card. When the Tax Rate is not at their preferred level, the Neutral raises it or lowers it by 10% in direction of its goal. (You may like to move the marker just below its space on the track as a reminder of the change, returning after all Spoils have been claimed for the turn.) When the Tax Rate is already at the Neutral's preferred level, it skips over this choice and continues with its next one.
  • Assassinations
    Once per Senate phase a human player may request an Assassination on any Senator having Influence of at least 21 and more than any other Senator. In addition, any time a Suffete for Life candidate is named, there is an automatic Assassination attempt.
    Roll a die for each faction to determine which will make an assassination attempt. Neutral factions add 1 for each Assassin card they possess. The faction having highest result makes the assassination attempt on the previously named target. Neutrals always spend all of their Assassin cards in their own attempts.
    When an Assassination attempt fails, the Faction Leader is killed, his warehouses are discarded and if a Family card, it is placed on the board.
  • Bodyguards
    When target of Assassination, a Neutral plays all of its Bodyguards cards.
    A Neutral plays an Open Bodyguard card on his Senator with the most Influence when at least one of his has 21.
  • Prosecutions
    There are no prosecutions.
• Revolution Phase
  
  • Statesmen, Intrigues, Events, Laws and Trade Concessions
    Neutrals have no hand limits.
    A Neutral plays any playable Statesmen immediately.
    A Neutral trades any Statesman he cannot play for one whose Family he controls or, failing that, for any two randomly selected cards. If there are more such Statesmen available than he can trade for, he always trades for the one(s) with the lowest ID number(s) first.
    Individual card types and when Neutrals play them:
    • Alexander the Great
      When any of stack 2, 3, 5, 6 or 8 are empty, but he is due to receive a card from at least one of those stacks.
    • Alexander Dies
      When any of stack 3 or 8 are empty, but he is due to receive a card from at least one of those stacks.
    • Austerity Programme
      As soon as Carthage is in Crisis and another faction has claimed Home Suffete for the current turn.
    • Blackmail
      As soon as there is a feasible persuasion target, but but does not take Faction Treasuries into account.
    • Carthage Issues Coinage
      When after trade cards have been taken, he has or is tied for the most.
    • Committee Review
      When the faction has a Senator prosecuting a Dangerous War.
    • Construction Booms
      When the faction holds at least 3 Timber cards.
    • Euthymenes' Rutter
      When a Senator in the faction is commanding an expedition to West Africa.
    • Exotic Fauna
      When the faction holds at least 5 Hides cards.
    • Grain Shortage
      During the Revolution phase when not holding Grain, but others are.
    • Grain Shortage Ends
      When stack 4 is empty, but he is due to receive a stack 4 card.
    • Greek Culture Ascendant
      When the faction holds at least 4 Iron and/or Papyrus cards.
    • Hannibal the Rhodian
      When the faction's commander is prosecuting a naval battle.
    • Hannibalic Reforms
      When the faction is not holding any Committee office.
    • Hannibalic Tax Reforms
      When the faction is not holding any Committee office.
    • Influence Peddling
      Immediately, against the Faction has the most unplayed Intrigue cards. If several Factions tie for the most Intrigue cards, the target is the one with the most Influence.
    • Increased Meat Consumption
      When the faction holds at least 3 Salt cards.
    • Increased Ship Capacity
      Immediately.
    • Lagos Monarchy
      When stack 4 is empty, but he is due to receive a stack 4 card.
    • Liberalization in Numidia
      When the faction has commander prosecuting the Numidian Revolt.
    • Local Dye Manufacture
      When the faction has fewer than 8 Traders, but at least one other faction has.
    • Ophelas
      Using the ally option if Carthage is in Crisis or he is a commander in the 3rd Sicilian War, but as enemy otherwise.
    • Pirates!
      As soon as possible, choosing the player who has the most valuable Trade Goods card.
    • Priests Demand Sacrifice
      When any other player's faction leader dies.
    • Public Outrage
      Immediately if Populists. Others play the card when Carthage is in Crisis.
    • Pytheas' Rutter
      When a Senator in the faction is commanding an expedition to the Atlantic.
    • Reduction of Overhead
      Immediately.
    • Repeal Austerity Programme
      When holding Home Suffete.
    • Seduction
      As soon as there is a feasible persuasion target, but but does not take Faction Treasuries into account.
    • Separation of Powers
      If the Imperials. Other Neutrals play it when Carthage is in Crisis.
    • Severe Winter
      When the faction holds at least 5 Hides cards.
    • Trade Concession
      As soon as possible.
    • Urban Crowding
      When the faction holds at least 3 stack 4 cards.
    • Xanthippus
      When the faction's commander is prosecuting the land battle of a Dangerous war.
  • Rebellions
    Neutrals rebel only if all these conditions are true:
    • Possess at least 3 Talents in the Senator's Personal or Faction Treasury for each army under the prospective Rebel's command;
    • If by paying 1 Talent per army to test their allegiance he can expect to control the majority of all existing armies. If this and the above are both true, he spends the talents to test allegiances.
      Example: Hamilcar Barca has all of Carthage's 12 armies – one his loyal Veteran – in an Early Republic scenario. By paying 11 Talents he can increase the probability of their Allegiance to him to 50%, thereby giving an expectation of 5.5 Legions remaining, plus his Veteran for a total of 6.5, or a majority of the armies. Therefore ha pays 11 to make the test.
    • After determining Allegiances, if he controls 60% of all currently existing armies.
      Example: Continuing our previous example, Hamilcar Barca commands the Allegiance of 7 Legions (including his Veteran). This is less than 60% of Carthage's 12 Legions (60% of 12 is 7.2), so he declines to Rebel and returns his Forces to Carthage.
    If a Rebel lacks the talents to maintain his armies, the Senators of his faction having the fewest talents required to maintain them join the rebellion.